The 2009 PADO field season ran from June 8 to June 29 and the 2011 PADO field season extended from July 5 to July 25. Both were carried out by William McFarlane and Miranda Suri, along with 4 field school students from Johnson County Community College in 2009 and 9 students in 2011. The goals and objectives of both seasons of work, as well as a discussion of our methodologies and results, are described in this report. These seasons represent our third and fourth formal field seasons. Our primary goal over the course of both seasons was to complete small-scale excavations at the site of Sinsimbla, assess chronological and functional relationships among different components of the site, and begin to develop a ceramic sequence for the Jess de Otoro valley. More...

The paper is a review of Unaccompanied Sonata a short story published in Maps in a Mirror by Orson Scott Card. It served as the inspiration for an original musical composition with the same title. Unaccompanied Sonata, centers on Christian, a musical prodigy in a dystopian society. In a controlled world where everything and everyone has their place, Christians great love of music leads him to break the structured bonds holding his society together. The musical project took shape slowly after days of tossing ideas around. In the end, it became a reflection of my own personal journey throughout the several weeks it took to compose. Unaccompanied Sonata, is, at its most basic level, a reproduction of the plot of the like-titled short story. Listened to once, Unaccompanied Sonata is pleasing to the ear. Listened to again, as a companion to the story, there is an intense interplay of hope and despair, resistance and surrender, longing and desire that is intended to evoke a very real and personal response from the listener. Author statement on musical piece: "Unaccompanied Sonata," Orson Scott Card's short story of a musician caught in the machinery of a complex dystopian society, inspired me to compose an original musical piece in classical sonata form. Though I used the story as a model, what I created became much more than a simple reconstruction of the narrative in melodic form: the music took me on an unexpected journey of creative self-discovery. The result was an intensely personal reckoning that parallels the struggle and eventual catharsis of Card's central character. Both the sonata and my prose analysis of the writing process come together to form the musical and literary exploration I named after its inspiration, Unaccompanied Sonata. More...

Kangaroo Care is described as skin on skin contact between parent and baby. The baby, wearing only a diaper, is placed directly on mom or dads bare chest. This skin on skin contact has proven to be beneficial for baby as well as the parents. Some of the positive effects for the baby include stabilizing vital signs such as temperature, heart rate, and respirations. Kangaroo care has also shown to facilitate breastfeeding and bonding in mothers. The benefits for parents include improved bonding and attachment. Parents have also reported feeling more competent and confident when caring for their newborn after they are released from the hospital. Kangaroo care is not only for healthy newborns; preterm newborns in the NICU have benefited from this method also. While there are more risks when dealing with preterm babies, they have shown an incredible positive response to this contact. Nurses should be educated on Kangaroo Care and know how to facilitate the family when participating in this care. More...

The approach to pregnancy and birth has changed throughout history. Midwifery as a profession has evolved right along with it. In todays society, women are becoming increasingly interested in pursuing natural childbirth and simply having more choice in the process. Nurse-midwives provide choice and empowerment throughout the pregnancy, labor, and delivery process. The attraction to nurse-midwives and natural childbirth has created a birth culture which has developed many methods to avoid medical intervention. Water birth has been shown to be one of the most effective and safest methods of pain relief during childbirth. More...

While the decade of the 1960s as a whole was a time of change and upheaval for the United States, the year 1968 represents one of the greatest single periods of unrest in the history of the nation. Building on the post-war boom of the 1950s, the Sixties can be seen as the decade when America first became steeped and saturated in media. With the emergence of the transistor radio, the average American was plugged in, both in and outside of the home. When we position the historical events of 1968 against the media of television and music, we see that music, due largely to its immediacy, offers a more accurate depiction of the times, while television, with few notable exceptions, serves more as a distraction. More...

Stained glass is arguably one of the most important aspects of Gothic cathedrals. As its popularity rose, mainly during the mid-12th century, the increased presence of stained glass presented major changes to the way the general populace was learning about religion. The windows became illuminated visual sermons of biblical stories, which may have had an even greater impact than the spoken word of the priest. This paper focused primarily on the stained glass windows and architectural styles employed in five gothic buildings in France, each having their own unique and notable attributes pertaining to the development of stained glass windows. By looking at the architectural advancements shown in these structures built during the gothic time frame, we are able to see the impact of the widespread desire for increased height and light within these types of buildings on the gothic cathedral. More...

Starting in the early 1890s, Art Nouveau was an international movement that integrated two of the most influential forces in the world: art and nature. While these two had been paired since the prehistoric times of Lascaux and Pech Merle, Art Nouveaus significance and effect extended far beyond any prior attempt. This revolutionary style was seen in paintings, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, and furniture around the world. As Art Nouveau spread to various countries, its definition and ideologies adapted to its surrounding culture. Although Art Nouveau had many followers and patrons, few reached the fame and distinction of Antoni Gaud. In the mid-1800s, Gaud came to represent Barcelonas interpretation of Art Nouveau: Modernisme. His sensational architecture with striking detail is exemplified in works such as the Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia and the Casa Battl. Both of these masterpieces reflect what made Gaud unique: his flawless use of nature, design highly influenced by religion, and unprecedented modernity. Not only did this pairing allow Gaud and his style to rise to international fame, but it also elevated Art Nouveau to one of the most notable movements in art history. More...

Media bombards us with information at all times. How often do we stop to think about its influence on our opinions and behaviors? While some of us may wish to believe that we are capable of being informed without being persuaded, to some extent or another, we are all manipulated by media. Many theories about how media influences our current society can be seen in action in the Hunger Games trilogy, written by Suzanne Collins, with remarkable verisimilitude. In order to explore media and its effects on people, one can observe Katniss Everdeen as she becomes a tribute, a victor, and a leader, as she understands the power of media. Her varying degrees of awareness, understanding, and manipulation of televised content accurately reflect how our own society responds to it as well. More...

Using a research design that posits power as an interpretive framework, the author applies a multiscalar approach to individuals, groups, communities, and interaction networks. Used here, power, or the ability to advance ones interests, is garnered through the strategic use or manipulation of sociopolitical ties, material resources, or ideological paradigms. In this paper, the author draws upon evidence from the site of El Coyote in northwestern Honduras. This pre-Columbian community is well suited for a consideration of power due to its remarkably well-preserved and robust ninth and tenth-century remains, which document the relocation and reorganization of the ceremonial and administrative center for the community. This transformation represents a break from the personalized hierarchical rule of the Late Classic, and the adoption of a less stratified corporate political organization. Moreover this study reveals a picture of power relations wherein power, status, and prestige inequalities are not always indicated by marked material differences in the archaeological record. More...

In 2011, Johnson County Community Colleges Billington Library first piloted and then implemented a low-cost online reference statistics tool called Gimlet. The system replaced an outmoded and inaccurate pen-and-paper statistics system. This paper details the struggles and advantages of this change. Implementation and training programs are discussed, as well as strategies for generating staff buy-in. Both the expected and unexpected advantages of a Gimlet based online system are explored, and future directions for the system are described. Libraries looking for a very low cost, easy to implement electronic statistics solution should consider Gimlet. The experience of JCCCs Billington Library can serve as an effective road map. More...